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RainforestAlliance_Honduras_English_0.pdf
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Rainforest Alliance
Strengthening the Value Chain for Indigenous and Community Forestry Operations
Strengthening the value chain for indigenous and community forestry operations through increased investment and use of technical assistance
CHALLENGE
Spanish versions of the three case studies:
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The link between sustainable forest management practices and community benefits has not been well documented. Likewise, the connection between the sale of certified products and conservation outcomes is sometimes lost amid general skepticism. Part of the reason investments in community forestry operations are not well understood is that studies tend to rely on anecdotal evidence rather than income and productivity data.
APPROACH
Building on the successful work of the Rainforest Alliance's Sustainable Forestry Division in Mexico and Central America, PROFOR co-financed three case studies documenting changes in income, return on investment and the role of technical assistance in bringing investments to their full potential in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.
The case studies are expected to motivate community forestry operations to invest in their operations and strive for improved competitiveness.
MAIN FINDINGS
- In Mexico, with an investment of $1.1 million over three years, the operation increased sawmilling efficiencies and lowered production costs by 43% without sacrificing jobs. A greater focus on secondary processing and investment in their business led to a change in annual profits from minus $561,646 to plus $1.7 million.
- In Guatemala, FSC certified community concessions increased their revenues by 209% to $5.8 million. Improved saw milling efficiencies and higher grades of mahogany along with FSC certified mahogany price increases drove the increase in revenues as did the addition of a FSC certified non-timber product. Employment increased for women though value added processing for non-timber products. Investments by communities themselves have been modest but donor investments in training and technical assistance have probably exceeded $10 million.
- In Honduras, cooperatives banded together to provide semi-processed mahogany for export to certified markets, changing their production chain and adopting sustainable forest management practices. With only a 19% increase in volume harvested, revenues have increased by 128% to $579,375. Actual production costs rose 40% from 2006 to 2008, due to increased costs of forest management and taxes, as well as the extra care needed to produce quality mahogany grades. The cooperatives have invested over $113,000 in simple machinery.
RESULTS
The results of the three case studies were presented at the World Forestry Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina in October 2009. The Mexico case study was presented at the Expo Forestal in Mexico in September 2009. In both cases, the data on production, efficiency and community benefits was well received.
The indicators used in these cases studies will be useful for measuring impact in other communities. A new forestry project with CONAFOR/UNDP/GEF and the Rainforest Alliance will use the same methodology and variables in Mexico to measure community level impacts on wood harvesting, usage and income. The Rainforest Alliance is also starting two new community forestry projects in Ghana and Cameroon which will use a subset of these variables, adapted for West Africa.
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Author : Rainforest Alliance
Last Updated : 06-16-2024
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Proposal to improve forest management (in Spanish)
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Analisis-actividades-ilegales-Guatemala_0.pdf
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Authors/Partners
INAB, CATIE
Strategy to Combat Illegal Forest Activities in Guatemala
APPROACH
Since 2008 in Guatemala the World Bank's FLEG program has supported the national forest authority (Instituto Nacional de Bosques INAB) by providing assistance in the implementation of the Strategy to Combat Illegal Forest Activities. In its initial phase this assistance aimed to develop the necessary analytical work to understand the institutional, socio-economic and environmental causes of illegal activities.
RESULTS
Outputs included :
- a proposal for policy and legislative changes and adjustments resulting from analytical work and a technical proposal for institutional changes to improve the implementation of the Strategy to Combat Illegal Forest Activities;
- a technical proposal to improve current forest control and supervision procedures (forest licenses, timber mobilization permits, logging volume control, complaints, etc) and a manual for forest control and supervision;
- a financial and cost effectiveness analysis of forest fees, royalties, other revenues and taxes, and a proposal for consideration of new forest fees;
- an information system containing baseline data and information related to illegal activities in the forest sector;
- a training program targeting staff from INAB and other government agencies and groups involved in the implementation of the Strategy to Combat Illegal Forest Activities;
- and a national communications and awareness program targeting the general public related to illegal practices in the forest sector.
Available here in Spanish is a cost-benefit analysis of illegal activities in the forests sector and a proposal to strengthen INAB's control of the forests sector.
NEXT STEPS
In February 2010, INABâs Board of Directors approved an Action Plan to Prevent and Reduce Illegal Logging. The Action plan includes legislation and regulatory changes to reduce illegal activities, review current forest fees, design forest control and supervision plans and campaigns, develop forest audit protocols and plan and initiate capacity building activities.
The implementation of this plan, developed on the basis of analytical work and technical proposals previously sponsored by the FLEG Program, demands the cooperation of various public administration and law enforcement agencies and stakeholders. PROFOR-FLEG is helping strengthen forest control and supervision through its activity Auditing timber supply to the Guatemala forest industry.
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Author : INAB, CATIE
Last Updated : 06-16-2024
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Annex 3. CCAH, Peru SIA Case Study 2011_small_0.pdf
Annex 2. GuateCarbon, Guatemala SIA Case Study 2011 Edited_small_0.pdf
Annex 1 Surui Carbon Project SIA Case Study 2011_small_0.pdf
Report on SIA Case Studies for PROFOR_0.pdf
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Authors/Partners
Authors: Forest Trends'Ă Michael Richards and Steve Panfil with key inputs by Nigel Pitman, Steven Price, Natasha Calderwood and Julie Fischer.Partners: Forest Trends and CCBA, with Rainforest Alliance and Fauna & Flora International (FFI).Sponsors: PROFOR, Morgan Stanley, USAID-TransLinks, GEF-UNDP, Rockfeller Foundation and NORAD provided financial support.
Social Impact Assessment of Forest Carbon Projects (toolkit)
CHALLENGE
Are land-based carbon projects good for local people?
Many rural communities are keen to embark on carbon projects as a way of generating income, jobs, and other social benefits. Offset buyers are also attracted to the idea of reducing emissions and simultaneously helping local people. Others are wary that these projects may do more harm than good. However, until recently, there was no clear methodological guidance for carbon project developers to track social and biodiversity impacts. The combination of robust standards for assessing the social performance of projects, and the use of credible methods of social impact assessment could help ensure positive outcomes for local people.
The emphasis in the early years of the carbon markets has been mainly on assuring the integrity of project emission reductions; co-benefits have received much less attention. But the balance is changing, and there are justifiable concerns that co-benefits must, like carbon, be real, âadditionalâ and, as far as possible, measurable. This is partly necessary for market confidence as offset buyers increasingly seek evidence that they are getting what they pay for, including co-benefits. On ethical or equity grounds, carbon projects must at the very least âdo no harmâ (See related IIED conclusions on REDD+ in the miombo drylands.)
A cost-effective and credible impact assessment toolbox would help carbon project developers meet the verification requirements of the Climate, Community & Biodiversity (CCB) Standards and contribute to building more robust, sustainable projects.
APPROACH
In response to such issues, Forest Trends has formed an alliance with three other NGOs â the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA), Rainforest Alliance, and Fauna & Flora International (FFI) â to produce a user-friendly Manual for project proponents on how to conduct cost-effective and credible social impact assessment. Support for this project comes from PROFOR, Morgan Stanley, NORAD, GEF-UNDP, and USAID-Translinks.
The manual is intended for carbon offset project designers and implementers who are not specialists in monitoring and evaluation (M&E).
The Manual was field-tested in 2010 in Brazil, Guatemala and Peru.
RESULTS
Forest Trends released a first version of its manual in June 2010, proceeded to test it in the field (see case studies listed on this page) and solicited feedback. A second version, which integrated biodiversity concerns as well, was released in the fall of 2011 in three parts: a core guidance document and two toolkits (for social and bioversity impact assessments).
Guidance to project developers has been provided by regional training workshops held in Peru (June 2010), Tanzania (October 2010), Kenya (August 2011 with GEF-UNDP funding) and DRC (September 2011 with USAID-Translinks funding). This has resulted in training of approximately 80 terrestrial carbon project developers and other REDD+ stakeholders from about 10 countries. These workshops involved hands-on training using ârealâ REDD+ projects as case studies over a period of 3-4 days.
In Tanzania, the Tropical Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) REDD project in Lindi District has undertaken a large scale SIA exercise in 2011 following their participation in the SIA Training workshop in Zanzibar in October 2010.
FINDINGS
Experience during field testing and further training in social impact assessment shows that the benefits of using the âtheory of changeâ approach to impact assessment go well beyond the generation of a credible social monitoring plan which can meet the CCB or other multiple benefit standards. These wider benefits include: strategic project design necessary for achieving social and biodiversity objectives (clear objectives are essential for identifying monitoring indicators); participation of project stakeholders; promotion of adaptive project management; and the ease of understanding and explaining the results to a range of stakeholders.
Keys to better participation of local stakeholders include the quality of the âfocal issue working groupâ facilitators (so the latter need to be more carefully selected and trained); some prior training or exposure for community participants; the use of a âpractice activityâ to develop good practice consultation skills; and various issues around the more effective participation of local stakeholders, especially women.
Based partly on the costs in the three case studies, the authors estimate that the cost of generating a credible social monitoring plan using their approach will be in the range $25,000-35,000 depending on various factors.
For stories and updates on related activities, follow us on twitter and facebook , or subscribe to our mailing list for regular updates.
Author : Authors: Forest Trends'Ă Michael Richards and Steve Panfil with key inputs by Nigel Pitman, Steven Price, Natasha Calderwood and Julie Fischer.Partners: Forest Trends and CCBA, with Rainforest Alliance and Fauna & Flora International (FFI).Sponsors: PROFOR, Morgan Stanley, USAID-TransLinks, GEF-UNDP, Rockfeller Foundation and NORAD provided financial support.
Last Updated : 06-16-2024
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Intercooperation Andean Office, CONAP, INAB, Veduria Forestal Communitaria
National Timber Yield Tables for Mahogany
Technical Assistance for the Development of the National Timber Yield Tables for Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Standing Volume & Export Grade Sawn wood
CHALLENGE
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is the single most valuable tropical timber species in international trade. It is also one of the most important tropical species subject to selective harvesting.
Over-harvesting and illegal logging of this species led to its listing in Appendix II of the CITES Convention. Market studies show that the largest proportion of mahogany is exported to the United States, France, Canada, England, Dominican Republic and other European countries. Despite conservation, supervision and control efforts the impact of mahogany overharvesting and illegal logging has contributed to the species' rapid commercial extinction in many areas of its natural distribution.
The use of inaccurate conversion factors for calculating export grade sawn wood yields from standing timber estimates is frequently used to âlaunderâ illegally harvested mahogany. The resulting projection of export grade sawn wood overstates the volumes actually produced from legally harvested trees of both species. These inflated figures help to justify additional CITES export permits which are used to facilitate the export of timber of illegal origin.
The same fate also applies to Spanish cedar (Cedrela Odorata) also included in CITES Appendix III. In some countries, Spanish cedar trade has skyrocketed in the last three years. If harvesting trends and the extent of illegal logging continue at the same pace, Spanish Cedar will follow mahogany's detrimental patterns.
APPROACH
Accurate conversion factors for standing timber and export grade sawn wood are crucial for the effective implementation of the CITES convention.
Guatemalaâs CONAP and INAB, government agencies for protected areas and forest administration respectively; and Peruâs OSINFOR, forest control and supervision government agency, have requested technical assistance from Intercooperation and PROFOR's FLEG team at the World Bank to develop their national yield tables.
Technical assistance activities related to the development of national tables are expected to take place in Guatemala City and in selected forest concessions of Peten, Guatemala targeting relevant staff from CONAP, INAB and forest concessionaires. Desktop work will allow field data input, calibration of the model, definition of product classifications and development of the timber yield tables and statistical calculation.
In Peru, support and technical assistance to the Veduria Forestal Comunitaria activities will relate to monitoring, over sightings and obtaining lessons learned from at least two cases within forest industry-indigenous community timber commercial contracts, to prevent illegal logging and unsound social practices impacting local communities of Pucallpa, Atalaya and Contamana.
This activity has supported the following progress in Guatemala:
- Field work (identification, selection and data collection) in five (5) mahogany production units: La Union, Chosquitan, Rio Chanchin, Carmelita and Afisap totaling about 18,000 hectares in El Peten, Guatemala.
- Field work was followed by extensive data processing, regression analysis and development of volumetric conversion factors. Based on this analysis, total average volume of export grade sawn wood including branches for mahogany in Guatemala is approximately 3.328 m3 per tree.
- CONAP (Guatemala's CITES authority) has fully incorporated the newly developed national yield table in its country report.
- Development of a simple data processing software known as the VERITAS Timber Volume Calculator which can determine in real time the expected sawn wood volume of a given tree in all export timber grades -- with potential application for other timber species.
In Peru, assistance for Verduria Forestal Communitaria Activities resulted in monitoring of logging contracts and technical assistance to 33 indigenous communities in Contamana and Atalaya provinces. The team reviewed and provided training on issues such as forest management plans, permits, contracts, operations, volume calculation, payments, etc and also assisted communities facing forest land tenure problems (resulting from logging forest concessions overlapping with community land).
Monitoring the implementation of 11 logging contracts revealed a consistent pattern of inequality and lack of transparency in contract terms and conditions that had significant impacts on community livelihoods and the environmental conditions of their natural resources. For example:
- Logging industry focus was on selective and overexploitation of only two or three species of high commercial value
- In several cases, logging took place without permits
- Jobs were mostly given to outsiders
- Benefits to the communities were accrued in actual timber (20 to 30% of extracted volume), often resold to the logging industry at discounted prices
- Logging industry used permits, obtained on behalf of the indigenous communities, to launder illegally harvested timber, making communities liable for those illegal activities
Material collected from these experiences will serve as baseline information for the development of guiding principles and criteria for monitoring logging contracts in Peru and beyond.
Additional results and products will be shared on this page when they become available. You can also follow us on twitter (twitter.com/forestideas) or subscribe to our mailing list for regular updates.
For stories and updates on related activities, follow us on twitter and facebook , or subscribe to our mailing list for regular updates.
Author : Intercooperation Andean Office, CONAP, INAB, Veduria Forestal Communitaria
Last Updated : 06-16-2024
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Justice in the Forest: Rural Livelihoods and Forest Law Enforcement
Managing Wildfires in a Changing Climate
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A CIFOR publication supported by PROFOR
Justice in the Forests - Rural Livelihoods and Forest Law Enforcement
CHALLENGE
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) has been justified as a way of benefiting the poor by improving state revenues from forests, but the direct social impacts have not been given much attention.
APPROACH
To help develop a better understanding of these impact, PROFOR supported a CIFOR review of community experiences in Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Honduras, Indonesia and Nicaragua. The final product of this work is the publication Justice in the Forest: Rural Livelihoods and Forest Law Enforcement.
RESULTS
The results of the review show how the extent of forest-based livelihoods is often under-appreciated. The laws that affect the way people use forests are often contradictory and restrict livelihoods. Moreover, laws tend to be selectively developed and applied in favour of large-scale forestry, while laws which secure community rights in forests are commonly absent, ignored or too onerous to be widely used.
Lack of adequate legal protection of community rights makes much small-scale forest use 'illegal'. Illegal forest use, including by communities, tends to be enmeshed in wider political economies, so major players tend to be politically protected while local communities are vulnerable. Enforcement has sometimes focused narrowly on forestry laws to the neglect of laws that secure rural livelihoods.
Crude enforcement measures have reinforced social exclusion and tended to target poor people while avoiding those who are well connected. Trade-based FLEG measures may also ignore the social implications.
The study recommends future FLEG initiatives be developed in transparent ways, with broad civil society engagement. They should give special attention to the rural poor by addressing the full range of laws relating to forests, adopting rights-based approaches and promoting legal reform, rule of law and access to justice.
For stories and updates on related activities, follow us on twitter and facebook , or subscribe to our mailing list for regular updates.
Author : A CIFOR publication supported by PROFOR
Last Updated : 06-16-2024
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Supporting the Development of Liberia's Chain of Custody System
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World Development Report 2011 on conflict, security and development
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FRAGILE%20FOREST_Final_WebRes_0.pdf
Keywords
Authors/Partners
Emily Harwell (lead consultant), with Arthur Blundell and Douglas Farah
Forests, Fragility and Conflict
CHALLENGE
An emerging body of analytic work has demonstrated the linkage between poverty, armed conflict, and weak state governance. States which exemplify this nexus of human vulnerability and state failure are often referred to as âfragile statesâ-- those failing, whether for lack of capacity or political will, to perform core functions of delivering basic services and protecting the security of its citizens.
There are strong correlations between state fragility, conflict, and the means by which natural resources such as forests are managed by the state. When resource rents and concession allocations are used for patronage it has the perverse effect of not only undermining the sustainable use of forest assets for development and access to forests for local livelihoods, but it also short-circuits state accountability to citizens and the development of sound governance institutions, laying the foundations for state fragility and conflict.
- the impact of conflict and fragility on forests, with a special focus on cross-sectoral post-conflict issues associated with the management of forest resources,
- the mechanisms and channels of financial flows from forest extraction to state and non-state belligerents, which thereby facilitate or prolong conflict, and
- the characteristics of fragile states that should be the focus of reform in post-conflict interventions in order to improve protection of forests and forest-based livelihoods and to mitigate further conflict.
RESULTS
The synthesis report informed some of the thinking that went into the World Development Report on Conflict, Security and Development, available here.
The synthesis and case studies, published as a collection in June 2011, are available on this page.
The hope is that this publication will contribute to the articulation of a strategic approach to dealing with forest management in post-conflict operations.
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Author : Emily Harwell (lead consultant), with Arthur Blundell and Douglas Farah
Last Updated : 06-15-2024
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Coverage of the Interlaken Workshop on Decentralization in Forestry
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Authors/Partners
Switzerland, Indonesia and CIFOR
Decentralization in Forestry
Perspectives from Guatemala, the Philippines and Zimbabwe
Throughout the world, local and regional governments are becoming increasingly involved in forest-related issues. In some cases such growing dynamism reflects government policies designed to decentralize forest governance and forest management. In other cases it reflects initiatives of local and regional governments themselves, including communities living in and surrounding forest areas, and the increasing power, leverage and resources they have.
In light of this trend, the Governments of Switzerland and Indonesia and CIFOR organized a country-led initiative on experiences with decision-making in decentralizing in Interlaken, Switzerland, on April 26-30, 2004.
The workshop considered how to effectively incorporate the participation of large and diverse groups in national forest program or similar processes.
To contribute to the dialogue at the workshop, PROFOR sponsored a Community Round Table discussion where challenges related to decentralization at the community level were discussed. Through case studies from Guatemala, Zimbabwe and the Philippines, the round table looked at:
- managing shifts in power balances,
- how the voices of local people are heard (or not)
- and decentralized protected area management.
Perspectives from Guatemala, the Philippines and Zimbabwe
Throughout the world, local and regional governments are becoming increasingly involved in forest-related issues. In some cases such growing dynamism reflects government policies designed to decentralize forest governance and forest management. In other cases it reflects initiatives of local and regional governments themselves, including communities living in and surrounding forest areas, and the increasing power, leverage and resources they have.
In light of this trend, the Governments of Switzerland and Indonesia and CIFOR organized a country-led initiative on experiences with decision-making in decentralizing in Interlaken, Switzerland,Ă on April 26-30, 2004.Ă
The workshop considered how to effectively incorporate the participation of large and diverse groups in national forest program or similar processes.
To contribute to the dialogue at the workshop, PROFOR sponsored a Community Round Table discussion where challenges related to decentralization at the community level were discussed. Through case studies from Guatemala, Zimbabwe and the Philippines, the round table looked at:
- managing shifts in power balances,
- how the voices of local people are heard (or not)
- and decentralized protected area management.
For stories and updates on related activities, follow us on twitter and facebook , or subscribe to our mailing list for regular updates.
Author : Switzerland, Indonesia and CIFOR
Last Updated : 06-15-2024
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Documento 2 - Manual de Fiscalizaciones-VFINAL_0.pdf
INFORME FINAL Plan Piloto completo-121011_0.pdf
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Authors/Partners
CATIE Guatemala, government agencies, judiciary system and forest stakeholder organizationsĂ
Auditing Timber Supply to the Forest Industry in Guatemala
CHALLENGE
According to the analytical studies of the Institute of Incidencia at the Rafael Landivar University, illegal logging in Guatemala represents about 30-50 percent of the annual harvested timber. Based on the analysis of the Integrated Accounting on Forest Products from the Cuente con Ambiente project, legal timber is estimated to make up only five percent, while illegal logging represents 95 percent of the total traded timber. In 2008, IARNA (Agricultural, Natural Resources and Environmental Institute, Guatemala) in its forest products flows analyses documented that 89 percent of the harvested timber in selected areas was basically uncontrolled timber.
Since 2004, INAB, the forest sector authority agency of Guatemala, and CONAP, the National Protected Area Council, have been involved in implementing activities to prevent and combat illegal logging in forestlands and protected areas.
APPROACH
Since 2008 the FLEG Program (now under PROFOR) has been supporting INAB, specifically by providing assistance in support of the implementation of the Strategy to Combat Illegal Forest Activities. Based on this work,, INAB designed an Action Plan to Prevent and Reduce Illegal Logging, which was approved by INABâs Board of Directors in February 2010.
The Action Plan includes legislation and regulatory reforms to reduce illegal activities, review of current forest fees, design of forest control and supervision plans and campaigns and development of forest audit protocols and capacity building activities.
As a follow up to its previous support, the PROFOR-FLEG Program provided technical assistance and capacity building to INAB and other government agencies to design and implement INABâs Forest Audit System to ensure the control and verification of timber supply in the forest industry (saw mills, processing plants, lumber yards and wood warehouses) located in selected regional administrations in Guatemala, and ensure transparency, accountability and participation of forest stakeholders in law enforcement.
RESULTS
This activity, completed in June 2010, produced analysis, recommendations and programs that are helping INAB and the Vice-President's Office leading government efforts to combat illegal activities in the forest sector. See the technical manual for the control of forest industries and the report on the pilot program for monitoring and control of forest industries in Guatemala (under Download/View on the left).
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Author : CATIE Guatemala, government agencies, judiciary system and forest stakeholder organizationsĂ
Last Updated : 06-15-2024
Forests: A Resource for Development
In May 2004, PROFOR sponsored a policy workshop "Forests: A Resource for Development" in Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
The purpose of the workshop was to disseminate the experiences of recent forest sector reforms from other countries in Latin America and the world to policy-makers, legislators, academics, non-governmental organizations, private companies, and rural forest producers and their associations. The aim of the workshop was to aid the implementation of the new forest policy framework embodied in the proposed forest legislation by presenting successful experiences and lessons from decentralization of forest sector responsibilities.
Community forestry experiences from Guatemala, Mexico, Bolivia, and China were presented along with the new market context for forestry globally and from China, Central America, and several countries engaged in decentralization. The Honduran experience was presented by Dr. Jose Flores Rodas, a renowned forest specialist, and complemented by the participants' experience.
Forest Trends coordinated the selection, preparation, and presentation of case studies and lessons, and assisted the Rural Productivity and Forests Project (PBPR) in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and AFE-COHDEFOR, the National Forest Agency, in convening the workshop.
Discussion focused onĂ four themes:
- global market trends and implications, including new markets for ecosystem services;
- community forestry enterprise experiences;
- lessons from decentralization;
- and designing more optimal policy and regulatory frameworks.
RESULTS
The participants endorsed a decentralized approach to forestry which gave greater roles and responsibilities (and resources) to municipal and community levels while targeting the role of government more clearly in forests with limited population and in enabling activities. A strong interest in community initiatives supported by tenure rights and capacity-building resources emerged in a number of different working group discussions. The historical instability of policies in the forest sector was seen as an important limitation to forest development, particularly given the lack of tenure security. Promising opportunities for partnering between rural producers and communities and a more vertically integrated and efficient private sector were seen as desireable and feasible to advance forestry in Honduras. There was a recognition that both private and community actors need to become smarter in pursuing their market advantages and that regulations need to play a supportive, rather than command and control role for which the state does not have the incentives or capacity. Participants observed that Honduras had started as a leader in community forestry approaches in the 1970s but had lost this edge in the ensuing decades.
The individual presentations and companion case studies from the workshop are available from the Forest Trends website: http://www.forest-trends.org/event.php?id=163
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Author : Forest Trends
Last Updated : 05-10-2024
