This report presents five detailed case studies: (1) ArcelorMittal’s iron ore project in Liberia, (2) Newmont’s Akyem project in Ghana, (3) Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée and Guinea Alumina Corporation’s bauxite projects in Guinea, (4) Wildlife Works’ carbon offset project in Kenya, and (5) Aston Coal’s Maules Creek coal mine in Australia. Together, they highlight the spectrum of challenges faced by those aiming to implement enduring offsets.